tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35576699462386118432024-02-21T04:17:58.289+07:00Your Dream to learn Indonesian LanguageThis blog was created, first because I needed a sort of place to write. Second, I was in phase of learning how to make a web site. Eventually, I found that this is the place where I can contribute the world with my knowledge about Indonesia language. I hope this will also your place, so that we can share it together. Please feel free to study Indonesian language here.
If you have any ideas to develop this site, please contact me.
Regards,
IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-45630807376260409382008-03-12T15:20:00.003+07:002008-03-25T13:14:22.011+07:0028 When you are in emergencyNo one wishes to be in emergency, neither do you. But if you are in such a situation, you should ask for help, whom you should ask depending on the kind of the emergency. And what if this happens when you are in Indonesia? The following terms and expressions might be of importance when you are in emergency.<br /><br /><i></i>Please call the police! <i><strong>Tolong panggil polisi!</strong><br /></i>Please call a doctor/an ambulance, quickly!<i> <strong>Tolong panggil dokter/ambulans, cepat!</strong><br /></i>Help!<i> <strong>Tolong!</strong><br /></i>Beware of pickpocket!<i> <strong>Hati-hati banyak pencuri!</strong><br /></i>There has been an accident!<i> <strong>Ada kecelakaan!<br /></strong></i>Fire!<i> <strong>Kebakaran</strong></i><strong><i>!</i></strong><i><br /></i>He's/she's bleeding (heavily)<i>. <strong>Dia berdarah.</strong><br /></i>He's/she's (seriously) injured<i>. <strong>Dia luka parah.</strong></i><i><br /></i>I can't move my (hand, arm, foot, leg, neck). It hurts. <strong><i>Saya tidak bisa menggerakkan (tangan, lengan, kaki, telapak kaki, leher) saya. Sakit</i><i>.<br /></i></strong><br /><br /><br />Until next lessons,<i> sampai jumpa!</i><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-67925722354077300722008-03-04T10:26:00.003+07:002008-03-04T10:45:43.540+07:0027 Is this site of any help?Dear readers,<br /><br />Is this blog of any use to you? If it is, please feel free to bookmark it and feed it if necessary. If it is the first time you visit my blog, please refer to my previous blogs (see <strong>Blog Archives</strong>), start from the beginning! And to make your study complete, <br />feel free to visit <a href="http://learningindonesian.com">www.learningindonesian.com</a>. It won't harm you any penny!<br /><br />I hope you'll enjoy my service, but if you think this site needs some improvement I am very happy to hear it from you!<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-34927477350062850152008-02-27T12:32:00.001+07:002008-02-27T12:38:11.342+07:0026 When You Compare Things (2)It is possible that when you compare two objects or facts you find both have the same quality. Then you will say that A has the quality as that of B, or A is as good as B. In Indonesian we would say:<br /><br />A <i>sama</i> <strong>kualitas</strong><i>nya</i> dengan B<br /><br />or<br /><br />A <i>se</i><strong>baik</strong> B.<br /><br />From these two constructions we can formulate the following general rules for comparing two objects (facts) when both have the same quality or characteristics:<br /><br />[Object 1] <i>sama</i> + <strong>adj</strong>. +<i>nya</i> <i>dengan</i> [Object 2]<br /><br />or<br /><br />[Object 1] <i>se</i>+<strong>adj</strong>. [Object 2].<br /><br />(Note that we can replace adj. with adv. in both constructions. The second construction is simpler then the other.)<br /><br />Let us try digesting the rule by using some examples below.<br /><br />John is <strong>clever</strong>. Tom is <i>as</i> clever <i>as</i> John.<br />John <strong>pintar</strong>. Tom <i>sama</i><strong> pintar</strong><i>nya</i> <i>dengan</i> John, or John<i> se</i><strong>pintar</strong> Tom.<br /><br />John runs <strong>rapidly</strong>. Tom runs <i>as</i> <strong>rapidly</strong> <i>as</i> John.<br />John lari <strong>cepat</strong>. Tom lari <i>sama</i> <strong>cepat</strong><i>nya</i> <i>dengan</i> John, or Tom lari <i>se</i><strong>cepat</strong> John.<br /><br />His house is <strong>big</strong> and <strong>expensive</strong>. Her house is <i>as</i> <strong>big</strong> and <strong>expensive</strong> <i>as</i> his (house).<br />Rumahnya(♂) <strong>besar</strong> dan <strong>mahal</strong>. Rumahnya(♀) <i>sama</i> <strong>besar</strong> dan <strong>mahal</strong><i>nya</i> <i>dengan</i> rumahnya(♂), or Rumahnya(♀) <i>se</i><strong>besar</strong> dan <i>se</i><strong>mahal</strong> rumahnya(♂).<br /><br /><br />Now, it is your turn to play around with the following adjectives and adverbs.<br /><br />Rajin (diligent)<br />Malas (lazy)<br />Murah (cheap)<br />Gelap (dark)<br />Terang (bright)<br />Bersih (clean)<br />Kotor (dirty)<br />Berharga (valuable)<br />Fasih (fluently)<br />Lambat (slowly)<br /><br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-40069962785017781722008-02-26T16:46:00.002+07:002008-02-26T16:58:28.338+07:0025 When You Compare Things (1)Did you know that <i>every second</i> you have to decide which way you have to go? In this case, you will compare which is the worst, the normal, and the best way. But, I will not discuss further about this philosophical thing here, I concern rather on the three categories of adjectives and adverbs. More specifically, we will talk about the degrees of comparison of the adjectives and adverbs in terms of what so-called the comparative and superlative. As far as the English language concern, generally we add <i>-er</i> to the adjective or adverb for the comparatives and <i>-est </i>for the superlatives, except for words longer than two syllables. Take, for example, the adjective <i>clever</i>. Its comparative is <i>cleverer </i>and its superlative is <i>the cleverest</i>. There are some change of form for certain words, but I will not delve into this exception.<br />What we are concerned about is the case related to words having more than 2 syllables. In this case, we add <i>more</i> and <i>the most</i> for their comparative and superlative, respectively. For example, the word <i>expensive</i> becomes <strong><i>more</i></strong> <i>expensive</i> (comparative) and <i><strong>the most</strong></i> <i>expensive</i> (superlative). This specific case applies also in Indonesian language in that the word <i>lebih</i> (meaning <i>more</i>) is used for the comparative and <i>paling</i> or <i>ter</i> for the superlative, and this rule applies for <i>all</i> words ignoring the number of syllables. Let us take some examples of adjectives and adverbs with their comparatives and superlatives.<br /><br />Clever <i>pintar</i><br />Cleverer <i>lebih pintar</i><br />Cleverest <i>paling pintar</i> or <i>terpintar</i><br /><br />John is <i>clever</i>. Tom is <i>cleverer</i> <strong>than</strong> John. But Jerry is <i>the cleverest</i> <strong>of all</strong>.<br />John <i>pintar</i>. Tom<i> lebih pintar</i> <strong>daripada</strong> John. Tapi Jerry <i>paling pintar</i> <strong>dari semuanya</strong>.<br /><br />Rapidly <i>cepat</i><br />More rapidly <i>lebih cepat</i><br />The most rapidly <i>paling cepat</i> or <i>tercepat</i><br /><br />John runs <i>rapidly</i>. Tom runs<i> more rapidly</i> than John. But Jerry runs <i>the most rapidly</i> <strong>of all</strong>.<br />John lari <i>cepat</i>. Tom lari <i>lebih cepat</i> <strong>daripada</strong> John. Tapi Jerry lari <i>paling cepat</i> <strong>dari semuanya</strong>.<br /><br />Can you do the following examples using the above rule? I hope so.<br /><br />Rajin (diligent)<br />Malas (lazy)<br />Murah (cheap)<br />Gelap (dark)<br />Terang (bright)<br />Bersih (clean)<br />Kotor (dirty)<br />Berharga (valuable)<br />Fasih (fluently)<br /><br />I also hope that this Indonesian simple rule for degree of comparison will help you increase your understanding.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-50654561662651099312008-02-25T10:30:00.003+07:002008-02-25T11:08:45.341+07:00(24) Some more expressionsHere are some more expressions or phrases that may be useful when you are in Indonesia.<br /><br />A taxi is usually caught at a rank outside the airport (after you pass the passport control, claiming your baggage, and go out). You can also phone for a taxi wherever you are; numbers are listed in the yellow pages or you can see on the billboard around. You can pay the taxi either based on the meters or on the agreement. If you are not sure about the distance, taxis with meters are recommended.<br /><br />Where can I get a taxi? <i>Di mana saya bisa dapat taksi?</i><br />Please get me a taxi. <i>Tolong panggilkan saya taksi.</i><br />What’s the fare to …? <i>Berapa ongkosnya ke …?</i><br />How far is it to …? <i>Berapa jauhnya ke …?</i><br />Take me to … <i>Tolong, antar saya ke …</i><br />this address <i>alamat ini</i><br />the airport <i>bandara</i><br />the railway station <i>stasiun kereta</i><br />the town centre <i>pusat kota</i><br />the … Hotel <i>Hotel …</i><br /><br />Turn<i> left/righ</i><i>t</i> at the next Tolong, belok<i> kiri/kanan</i><br />at the next corner di pojokan setelah ini.<br /><br />Go straight ahead. <i>Lurus saja.</i><br />Please stop here. <i>Tolong berhenti di sini</i><br /><br />I’m in a hurry. <i>Saya lagi (ter)buru-buru</i>.<br />Could you drive more <i>Bisa tolong lebih <strong>pelan/cepat</strong>?</i><br /><strong>slowly/quickly</strong>?<br />Could you help me carry <i>Bisa minta tolong bawakan</i><br />my luggage? <i>koper saya?</i><br /><br />Will you wait for me, please? <i>Bisa tunggu saya?</i><br />I’ll be back in … <i>Saya kembali …</i><br />10 minutes <i>10 (sepuluh) menit lagi.</i><br />5 minutes <i>5 (lima) menit lagi.</i><br /><br />When you reach the destination, the meter on the front panel will show you how much you have to pay (in rupiah, the Indonesian currency). Just give the amount of money it shows, but if you give the taxi driver a service tip, it will very be appreciated. Often, it is impossible to pay the fare exactly as shown by the meter. For example, if the meter shows 121150, you should pay 125000 rupiahs, as coins worth of 150 are difficult to get. Basically, 150 rupiahs pay only a candy, and 5000 rupiahs is worth of about US 50 cents. The rule of the thumb is to pay after rounding up the meter read to about 5000 rupiahs.<br /><br />That would be enough for the moment. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-64636004207600026952008-02-21T16:22:00.002+07:002008-02-21T16:31:24.383+07:0023) Prefixes and Suffixes <br />Most of the sample words in the Indonesian sentences I have given to you in the lessons so far were of the root form. Indeed, with some exceptions, we can speak Indonesian without using derived words. However, in many situations, e.g. when we have to speak formally, we have to add prefixes (and even suffixes) to certain words in order that they become formal or to have their proper meaning. For example, you can say either “Saya <i>cari</i> buku di perpustakaan” or “Saya men<i>cari</i> buku di perpustakaan” because both have the same meaning: <i>I looked for a book in the library.</i><br /><br />A basic step in learning bahasa Indonesia is to learn the root words. Later, you can enrich your vocabulary by adding prefixes and suffixes to the root words to get other meanings of the corresponding words. You will also learn that any verb can change into noun, adjective, or adverb, depending on the prefix and/or suffix added to it. On the other hand, nouns, adjectives or adverbs may also be changed into verbs by adding these prefixes and suffixes. I will give you the rules of adding these prefixes and suffixes in the present lesson and in the lessons to come. In the present lesson we will learn how to add such prefixes as <i>me-</i>, <i>men-</i>, <i>mem</i>-, <i>meny</i>-, and <i>meng</i>-.<br /><br />The general rules of adding these prefixes are as follows.<br /><br />1. <i>me</i>- may be add to words beginning with l, m, n, r, and ny.<br />2. <i>men</i>- may be add to words beginning with c, d, j, and t (but t is dropped).<br />3. <i>mem</i>- may be add to words beginning with b, and p (but p is dropped).<br />4. <i>meny</i>- may be add to words beginning with s only (by dropping s)<br />5. <i>meng</i>- may be add to words beginning with g, h, a, e, i, o, u, and k (but k is dropped).<br /><br />Examples using the above rules (please do not worry about the word meanings first):<br /><br />1. The words latih, masak, rasa, nyanyi become <i>me</i>latih <i>me</i>masak, <i>me</i>rasa, and <i>me</i>nyanyi.<br />2. The words cari, datang, jual, tari become <i>men</i>cari, <i>men</i>datang, <i>men</i>jual and <i>me</i><i>n</i>ari.<br />3. The words buru and potong become <i>mem</i>buru and <i>mem</i>otong.<br />4. The word salin becomes <i>meny</i>alin.<br />5. The words gambar, hukum, asah, ekor, ingat, obral, upah, and kikis become <i>meng</i>gambar, <i>meng</i>hukum, <i>meng</i>asah, <i>meng</i>ingat, <i>meng</i>obral, <i>meng</i>upah and <i>meng</i>ikis.<br /><br />In the next lessons, I will explain how adding prefixes and suffixes may affect the meaning of the corresponding words and, therefore, you have to be careful about this. I also have to discourage you not to try to make up your own Indonesian words by adding prefixes and suffixes unless you have looked up the words in the dictionary. Be sure to stick to what you have learned thoroughly.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-67197734437354087882008-02-19T11:44:00.003+07:002008-02-19T11:55:13.419+07:00(22) A great site on Indonesian languageDear readers,<br /><br />If you are interested in learning how Indonesian words or phrases are spoken I recommend you to visit this<a href="http://www.learningindonesian.com/"> site</a>. You can learn Indonesian language for free! Yes, it's free. You can directly listen to or download the lessons for free. It is updated twice a week. <br />Tell your friends who may want to learn Indonesian language.<br /><br />Good luck,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-88109434221502738742008-02-18T12:05:00.002+07:002008-02-18T12:11:52.011+07:00(21) Some more daily expressionsWhen you come to Indonesia, you must certainly pass the passport control in the Sukarno-Hatta (or Cengkareng) International Airport. You do not need to worry about the language here because the officers speak English. After you pass the control, then you may have to be in contact with some Indonesian people, either the taxi drivers, or baggage porters, hotel receptionists, the one in charge of picking you up, etc. On many occasions, you do not need to worry about the language they use. They are very helpful and ready to help you, even though they use broken English. Now, if you can speak some Indonesian expressions, then you will be surprised how they respond to you with enthusiasm. Here are some expressions you will need in such situations. Memorize and practice them with your partners. (Memorizing some useful expression is one of ways in mastering a language).<br /><br />I’ll be staying … <i>Saya akan tinggal …</i><br /><br />a few days <i>beberapa hari</i><br />a week <i>seminggu</i><br />a month <i>sebulan</i><br /><br />I’m here on holiday. <i>Saya ke sini untuk liburan.</i><br />I’m here on business. <i>Saya ke sini untuk bisnis.</i><br /><br />I’m sorry, I don’t understand. <i>Maaf, saya tidak mengerti.</i><br /><br />Porter, take this luggage <i>Pak, tolong bawa ini (while pointing to the luggage)</i><br />That’s may suitcase. <i>Itu tas saya.</i><br /><br />Please take this to… <i>Tolong bawa ini ke …</i><br />bus/taxi <i>bus/taksi</i><br /><br />How much is that? <i>Berapa (ongkosnya)?</i><br /><br />Where’s the nearest currency exchange office? <i>Di mana tempat tukar uang terdekat?</i><br /><br />I want to change some dollars/pounds. <i>Saya ingin tukar beberapa dollar/poundsterling.</i><br /><br />Can you change this into …? <i>Bisa tukar ini ke …?</i><br /><br />Indonesian rupiahs <i>rupiah</i><br />German marks <i>mark Jerman</i><br />Japanese yens <i>yen Jepang</i><br />Singaporean dollars <i>dollar Singapur</i><br /><br />What’s the exchange rate? <i>Berapa nilai tukarnya?</i><br /><br />Where is the …? <i>Di mana …?</i><br />car hire <i>tempat sewa mobil</i><br />restaurant <i>restoran</i><br />newsstand<i> kios koran</i><br /><br />How do I get to Bandung?<i> Bagaimana caranya ke Bandung?</i><br />How do I get to ….Hotel? <i>Bagaimana caranya ke Hotel …?</i><br /><br />Is there a bus into town? <i>Apakah ada bus ke kota?<br /></i><br />Where can I get a taxi? <i>Di mana saya bisa dapat taksi?</i><br /><br /><br /><br />Until next lessons, good luck!<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-23690512748209657722008-02-15T10:09:00.002+07:002008-02-15T10:22:52.142+07:00(20)Verbs and TensesIn my earlier postings, I gave some Indonesian verbs without due attention to time and continuance or completion of the action or state expressed by the verbs. Now I will show you how <i>the form of Indonesian verbs stays unchanged</i> independent of the doer and tense. On the hand, this is an advantage in that you do not need to pay attention to the tense. All you need is the original form of verbs (you need less effort in memorizing). On the other hand, the lack of verb change makes you difficult in the beginning (this is especially the case for those whose languages apply verbs change due to time and the doer. Similarly, I had the same situation when once I learned English, German and other languages). But, do not worry about this, you will be familiar later. Let me give you some examples below.<br /><br /><u>Present tense</u>:<br />I <i>go</i> to the office every weekday (He <i>goes</i> to office every weekday)<br />Saya <i>pergi</i> ke kantor setiap hari kerja (Dia <i>pergi</i> ke kantor setiap hari kerja)<br /><br /><u>Past tense</u>:<br />I <i>went</i> to the office yesterday<br />Saya <i>pergi</i> ke kantor kemarin<br /><br />Present continuous tense:<br />I <i>am</i> <i>going</i> to the office right now<br />Saya <i>sedang</i> <i>pergi</i> ke kantor sekarang<br /><br /><u>Perfect tense</u>:<br />I <i>have</i> <i>gone</i> to the office<br />Saya <i>sudah</i> <i>pergi</i> ke kantor<br /><br /><u>Future tense</u>:<br />I <i>will</i> <i>go</i> to the office tomorrow<br />Saya <i>akan pergi</i> ke kantor besok<br /><br />You see in all tenses the word <i>pergi</i> (= go) does not change irrespective of time and active person. Hence, all you need to do is just concentrate on the time phrases concerned. Here are the time phrases generally used for all the tenses:<br /><u>Present tense</u>: hari ini (today), minggu ini (this week), setiap hari (every day), etc.<br /><u>Past tense</u>: kemarin (yesteday), minggu lalu (last week), tahun lalu (last year), etc.<br /><u>Present continuous tense</u>: sekarang (right now, at the moment)<br /><u>Perfect tense</u>: -<br /><u>Future tense</u>: besok (tomorrow), minggu depan (next week), tahun depan (next year), etc.<br /><br />Please pay attention when you talk about the follwing tenses.<br /><u>Present continuous tense</u>:<br />Put <i>sedang</i> or <i>lagi</i> <strong>before the verb</strong>, e.g. Saya <i>sedang</i> <strong>pergi</strong> ke kantor sekarang.<br /><br /><u>Perfect tense</u>:<br />Put <i>sudah</i> <strong>before the verb</strong>, e.g.<strong> </strong>Saya <i>sudah</i> <strong>pergi</strong> ke kantor.<br /><br /><u>Future tense</u>:<br />Put <i>akan</i> <strong>before the verb</strong>, e.g. Saya <i>akan</i> <strong>pergi</strong> ke kantor besok.<br /><br />Sometimes, time phrases are not necessary if the context is clear, especially in the conversation.<br /><br />Until next time, good luck!<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-61026288777344391332008-02-13T11:25:00.004+07:002008-02-13T11:42:27.376+07:00(19) Ordinal numbers, fractions, and number of categories<strong>1)</strong> Ordinal numbers are formed by adding <i><strong>ke</strong></i> to the corresponding cardinal numbers:<br /><br />1st <i>ke</i> satu (Sometimes, <i>pertama</i> is used instead of <i>ke satu</i>)<br />2nd <i>ke</i> dua<br />3rd <i>ke</i> tiga<br />4th <i>ke</i> empat<br />5th <i>ke</i> lima<br />6th <i>ke</i> enam<br />7th <i>ke</i> tujuh<br />8th <i>ke</i> delapan<br />9th <i>ke</i> sembilan<br />.<br />.<br />.<br />Etc.<br /><br /><strong>2)</strong> Fractions<br /><br />The symbol / (slash) of the fraction is called <i>per</i> in Indonesian numbers.<br /><br />½ setengah, separuh, or satu <i>per</i> dua<br />¼ se<i>per</i>empat, or satu <i>per</i> empat (you may notice here that <i>se</i> stands for <i>satu</i>)<br />¾ tiga <i>per</i> empat<br />5/6 lima <i>per</i> enam<br />Etc.<br /><br /><strong>3)</strong> Number of categories<br /><br />Look at the following examples:<br /><br />A monkey se<i>ekor</i> monyet<br />2 monkeys dua <i>ekor</i> monyet<br />General rule: number + <i>ekor </i>+ animal(s)<br />(Originally, <i>ekor</i> means <i>tail</i> (of animals))<br /><br />A person se<i>orang<br /></i>2 persons dua <i>orang</i><br />General rule: number + <i>orang</i><br /><br />An apple se<i>buah</i> apel<br />A car se<i>buah</i> mobil<br />3 books tiga <i>buah</i> buku<br />General rule: number + <i>buah </i>+ object(s)<br />(Originally, <i>buah</i> means <i>fruit</i>.)<br /><br />A piece of paper se<i>helai</i> kertas<br />2 pieces of paper dua <i>helai</i> kertas<br />General rule: number+ <i>helai </i>+ thin object(s)<br />(Sometimes, <i>lembar</i> is used instead of <i>helai</i>.)<br /><br />A cigar/cigarette se<i>batang</i> cerutu/rokok<br />A tree se<i>batang</i> pohon<br />General rule: number + <i>batang</i> + long or slender object(s)<br /><br />In all cases, the object form does not change even though it changes from single to plural, i.e.<br /><i>mobil</i> remains <i>mobil</i> (sebuah <i>mobil</i> becomes dua buah <i>mobil</i>) in contrast to “a car becomes <i>two</i> car<i>s</i>” or <i>an ox</i> becomes <i>two</i> <i>oxen</i>, or <i>a</i> <i>leaf</i> becomes <i>two</i> <i>leaves</i>.<br /><br />You got it?<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-14581808425900076312008-02-12T15:24:00.000+07:002008-02-12T15:30:49.237+07:00(18) Numbers (1)Talking about numbers is as interesting as that about nouns. By mentioning numbers we can be sure if the noun involved is few or many in number. Numbers can be cardinal or ordinal. We will talk here about cardinal numbers first.<br /><br />1 satu<br />2 dua<br />3 tiga<br />4 empat<br />5 lima<br />6 enam<br />7 tujuh<br />8 delapan<br />9 sembilan<br /><br />10 se<strong>puluh</strong><br />11 se<strong>belas</strong><br />12 dua <strong>belas</strong><br />13 tiga <strong>belas</strong><br />14 empat <strong>belas</strong><br />15 lima <strong>belas</strong><br />16 enam <strong>belas</strong><br />17 tujuh <strong>belas</strong><br />18 delapan <strong>belas</strong><br />19 sembilan <strong>belas</strong><br />20-99 dua <strong>puluh</strong> – sembilan <strong>puluh</strong> sembilan<br /><br />100-199 se<strong>ratus</strong> – se<strong>ratus</strong> sembilan puluh sembilan<br />200-999 dua <strong>ratus</strong> – sembilan ratus sembilan puluh sembilan<br />1000 se<strong>ribu</strong><br />10 000 se<strong>puluh</strong> <strong>ribu</strong><br />100 000 se<strong>ratu</strong><strong>s</strong> <strong>ribu</strong><br />1000 000 se<strong>juta</strong><br />2000 000 dua juta<br />1000 000 000 se<strong>milyar</strong><br /><br />You may notice that the syllable <i><strong>se</strong></i> in 10, 11, 100, 1000, 10 000, 100 000, 1000 0000, and 1000 000 000 means <i>a</i> or <i>one</i>.<br />Now, can you say <i>2007</i> in Indonesian language? You may then try the following numbers:<br /><br />1945<br />250<br />1000 459<br />135 056<br /><br />You did? Congratulation then! (Indonesian says: <i>Selamat ya? </i>:-) )<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-62535390645752038572008-02-12T10:49:00.000+07:002008-02-12T11:30:31.890+07:00(17) Prepositions(2)Here are some more prepositions. But please remember: you have to read posting (15) first before learning this #(17) posting.<br /><br />Indonesian words used to mean the preposition <i>about </i>are many, but the main words are: <i>tentang</i>, <i>sekitar</i>, and <i>mengenai</i>. To make it clear, here are some sentences involving these words.<br /><br />He knows much <strong><i>about</i></strong> cars.<br /><i>Ia tahu banyak </i><strong>tentang</strong> <i>mobil, </i>or<i><br /></i><i>Ia tahu banyak </i><strong>mengenai</strong> <i>mobil.</i><i><br /><br /></i>They will come back at <strong><i>about</i></strong> 10 o'clock.<br /><i>Mereka akan kembali</i> <strong>sekitar</strong> <i>jam 10.<br /><br /></i>I am worried <i><strong>about</strong></i> your health.<i><br />Saya kuatir </i><strong>dengan</strong><i> kesehatanmu.<br /><br /><br /></i>As you see, you may use <strong>tentang</strong> or <strong>mengenai</strong> if you talk about somethings (nouns, facts, information, etc.). But if you talk about <i>time</i>, then use <i><strong>sekitar</strong></i>. Sometimes, <i><strong>about</strong></i> may mean <strong><i>dengan</i></strong> (the basic meaning of which is <strong><i>with</i></strong>), as you see in the last sentence.<br /><i><br /></i>Useful information about <i>tentang</i>, <i>mengenai</i>, and <i>sekitar</i>. First, the root of these words are:<i><br /><br />tentang - tentang (tentang is the root) = about<br />meng<strong>ena</strong>i - kena = be hit or to hit<br />se<strong>kitar</strong> - kitar = to circle<br /><br /></i>Second, we can add prefix, suffix, or insertion to these words and resulted in verbs, nouns and other prepositions. But, further about these prefix, suffix, or insertion will come later.<br /><i><br /></i>That's will be enough for the moment.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />Ika<i><br /></i><i><br /></i>IKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-3656749880071178702008-02-11T12:25:00.000+07:002008-02-12T10:49:40.908+07:00(16)Refresh your intention!Dear readers,<br /><br />Please remember that this site is a free one in that you can learn Indonesian (language, culture, habits, etc.) for free without any charges or obligations. Do not be bothered by those ads displayed here (but only in case you need more information other than I have provided in the lesson). All I need of you is that you concentrate on your lesson each time you read a posting of mine. Only this way you can master Indonesian language. If you are new to this site, then just go to my previous postings, start from there, master the lessons therein, and then proceed until you can go along with my recent postings.<br /><br />The lessons I provided here have been arranged so that they will constitute a full course of Indonesian language. So that if you follow them thoroughly from the beginning till the end, you will certainly be able to read, write, and speak of Indonesian language, from simple expressions up to very complex ones! You do not believe it? How can you deny it if you never try?<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-43216979744475240752008-02-08T11:28:00.000+07:002008-02-08T11:39:07.990+07:00(15) Prepositions(1) <br />I think I have by chance put some preposition in my previous posts. You may check my previous posts if I am right. Here are some prepositions which you will have to learn since they are the most encountered.<br /><br /><i>di</i> = in, on, at (showing location or position)<br /><i>ke</i> = to (showing direction)<br /><i>kepada</i> = to (especially) a person(s)<br /><i>pada</i> = on, in, at (about time)<br /><i>dari</i> = from (showing the origin),<br /><i>dari </i>= of (showing the part of something)<br /><br /><strong>Examples</strong>:<br /><br />Ia punya rumah <i>di</i> London. He/she has a house <i>in</i> London.<br /><br />Saya lihat anda <i>di</i> TV. I saw you <i>on</i> TV.<br /><br />Saya simpan buku itu <i>di </i>rumah. I put the book <i>at</i> home<br /><br />Mau pergi <i>ke</i> <i>mana</i> pak Joko? <i>Where</i> is Mr Joko going <i>to</i>?<br /><br />Dia mau (pergi) <i>ke</i> toko. He is going <i>to</i> the shop<br /><br /><i>Kepada</i> siapa anda bertanya? <i>To</i> <i>whom</i> are you asking?<br /><br />(Sometimes, <i>kepada</i> should be put while there is no preposition needed in English at all:<br />Anda harus bertanya <i>kepada</i> ahlinya. You should ask the expert.)<br /><br />Pertemuan <i>pada</i> tanggal 15 bulan depan dibatalkan<br />The meeting <i>on</i> the 15 (of the next month) is cancelled.<br /><br />Bayi itu lahir <i>pada</i> (tahun) 1980. <br />The baby was born <i>in</i> 1980.<br /><br />Sidang akan dimulai <i>pada</i> jam delapan pagi.<br />The session will be started <i>at</i> eight in the morning.<br /><br />Maria berasal <i>dari</i> keluarga sederhana.<br />Maria comes <i>from</i> a simple family<br /><br />Sebagian <i>dari</i> uangnya akan disumbangkan. <br />Parts <i>of</i> the money will be donated.<br /><br /><br />More prepositions will follow. Read carefully, learn thoroughly, and memorize the above prepositions.<br />If possible, practice them with some Indonesian friends, or listen to Indonesian broadcastings or TV.<br /><br />See you in the next postings,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-78050861414075797942008-02-08T09:14:00.000+07:002008-02-08T09:27:13.986+07:00(14) Daily Expressions and Greetings (1)Now it is time for you to learn daily expressions and greetings. These are very useful especially when you come to or need to interact with those in Indonesian communities in your country or in Indonesia. I will present here the simple ones first. Do not be greedy; just eat as your stomach can hold. Do not worry; I am sure you will later be smarter and capable of speaking, writing, and listening of Indonesian language. Here they are:<br /><br /><i>Selamat pagi!</i> Good morning!<br /><i>Selamat siang!</i> Good day!<br /><i>Selamat sore!</i> Good afternoon!<br /><i>Selamat malam!</i> Good evening!<br /><i>Selamat tidur!</i> Good night, sleep well! <br /><br /><i>Selamat datang!</i> Welcome!<br /><i>Selamat tinggal!</i> Good bye! (What you say to one staying behind)<br /><i>Selamat jalan!</i> Good bye! (What you say to one leaving)<br /><i>Selamat libur!</i> Have a nice weekend!<br /><br /><i>Selamat Natal!</i> Merry Christmas!<br /><i>Selamat Ulang tahun!</i> Happy Birthday!<br /><i>Selamat berhasil!</i> Congratulations!<br /><br />(Literary, <i>selamat</i> means <i>safe</i>, but you see in the above expressions it can mean congratulations, wish for good luck, happiness, or prosperity.)<br /><br /><i>Apa kabar?</i> How are you?<br /><i>Baik-baik saja.</i> (I am just) fine.<br /><br /><i>Sampai jumpa lagi!</i> See you later!<br /><br /><i>Terima kasih!</i> Thank you!<br /><i>Kembali!</i> (or <i>Sama-sama!</i>) You’re welcome!<br /><br /> (If you interrupt a conversation, or a meeting, or pass a crowd of people):<br /><i>Permisi!</i> Excuse me!<br /><i>Permisi, saya mau tanya tentang …</i> Excuse me, I would like to ask about ….<br /><br />Read, learn and practice those expressions, and look how you surprise them with these expressions. If you still find it difficult to pronounce Indonesian words then you should go back to the previous lessons! It is of no use to just read the present lesson, without you being able <br />to speak/pronounce the words properly.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-86205473082437409982008-02-05T12:47:00.000+07:002008-02-05T12:52:30.261+07:00(13) Relative PronounsHave you ever heard about Yang? Yes, Yang in Chinese thought is the strong active male energy of force in the world, the opposite of the female energy, Yin. Indonesian language has the word <i>yang</i> also, but it is pronounced a bit different from Yang: Indonesian <i>yang</i> sounds similar to <i>young</i> of English word. In Indonesian language <i>yang</i> is not a noun, it is used instead as a relative pronoun meaning <i>who</i>, <i>whose</i>, <i>that</i>, or <i>which</i>.<br />Let me give you some examples of the use of <i>yang</i>.<br /><br />(1) <i>Yang mana</i> mobil kamu? <i>Which one</i> is your car?<br /><br />(2) Lelaki <i>yang</i> memakai kemeja merah itu (adalah) suaminya <br /> The man <i>who </i> wears the red shirt is her husband<br /><br />(3) Orang <i>yang</i> rumah<i>nya</i> besar itu meninggal kemarin<br /> The person <i>whose</i> house is big died yesterday<br /><br />(4) Buku <i>yang</i> jilid<i>nya</i> merah itu ada di atas meja<br /> The book <i>whose</i> cover is red is on the table.<br /><br />(5) Buku <i>yang</i> anda pilih mahal<br /> The book (<i>that</i>) you chose was expensive<br /><br />(6) Buku <i>yang</i> mahal itu karangan Stephen Hawkings<br /> The book, <i>which</i> is expensive, written by Stephen Hawkings<br /><br />In examples 3 and 4 you may notice the construction: <i>yang</i> + noun + <i>nya</i>, which means <i>whose</i> + noun. In this case, <i>yang</i> rumah<i>nya</i> = <i>whose</i> house, and <i>yang</i> jilid<i>nya</i> = <i>whose</i> cover.<br /><br />Good, you have learned the word <i>yang</i> and its use! It’s so simple because you use one word only to be used as a relative pronoun.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-37694999474275211172008-02-04T16:21:00.000+07:002008-02-05T09:30:48.964+07:00DiphthongsA diphthong is a compound vowel made by pronouncing 2 vowels quickly one after the other. For example, the vowel sound in <i>my</i> is a diphthong, and is written with the diphthong [<strong><span style="font-size:130%;">a</span><span style="font-size:85%;">I</span></strong>]. In Indonesian words the diphthongs are easily recognized because they are written as the diphthong themselves, in contrast to English or other languages where a vowel may sound as a diphthong (e.g. <i>I</i>, <i>my</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>die</i>, <i>now</i>, <i>note</i>, etc.). Some common diphthongs in Indonesian words are listed below.<br />Full Separated Meaning<br />ramai ra-mai crowded, busy, noisy, loud<br />damai da-mai peace (adj)<br />bagai ba-gai like, as if<br />sungai su-ngai river (n)<br />bangau ba-ngau flamingo, heron, etc. (n)<br />kacau ka-cau in disorder, chaotic, disorganized, confused<br />kicau ki-cau birdling<br />tembakau tem-ba-kau tobacco (n)<br />silau si-lau dazzled (adj)<br />pisau pi-sau knive (n)<br />sepoi se-poi balmy (of air or weather)<br />koboi ko-boi cowboy<br /><br />Other words containing diphthongs will follow. Please try memorizing the above words first,<br />before continue.<br />Regards,<br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-69976783825499487522008-02-04T14:29:00.000+07:002008-02-04T14:36:30.818+07:00Pronouns (4)D) Reflexive pronouns<br /><br />Reflexive pronouns are <i>myself</i>, <i>yourself</i>, <i>himself</i>, <i>herself</i>, <i>itself</i>, <i>oneself</i>, <i>ourselves</i>, <i>yourselves</i>,<br />and <i>themselves</i>. A common use of reflexive pronouns is to talk about actions where the subject<br />and object is the same person. Indonesian grammar has a unique word <i><strong>sendiri</strong></i> to use for that purpose. Look at the following examples:<br /><br /><i>Saya sendiri</i> melakukan itu <br /> = I did it myself (meaning I also did it, not only you, he, she, or they)<br /><br /><i>Saya</i> melakukan itu <i>sendiri</i> <br /> = I did it (by) myself (meaning nobody else helped me)<br /><br />Putting the suffix <i>an</i> after <i>sendiri</i> (to become <i>sendirian</i>) changes the meaning into <i>alone</i>:<br />Saya melakukan itu <i>sendirian</i> <br /> = I did it <i>alone</i> (= I did it when I was alone)<br /><br />Saya (ada) <i>sendirian</i> kemarin <br /> = I was <i>alone</i> yesterday<br />Saya belajar sendirian kemarin<br /> = I studied alone yesterday (= I was alone yesterday studying)<br /><br />Beliau sendiri mengatakan kepada saya <br /> = He/she spoke to me him/herself<br /><br /><i>Rumahnya sendiri</i> bagus, tapi halamannya terlalu sempit.<br />= <i>The house itself</i> is nice, but the garden is too small.<br /><br /><i>Mereka sendiri</i> membangun rumah itu <br />= They built the house themselves<br /><br />As we have seen above, a unique word <i>sendiri</i> is placed after the corresponding subject to mean <i>myself</i>, <i>yourself</i>, <i>him</i>/<i>herself</i>, etc. An additional note will be of worth about the word <i>sendiri</i>. First, it is <i>separable</i> into <i>sen-di-ri</i>. Second, its root word is <i>diri</i>, meaning <i>self</i> or <i>selves</i>.<br />I will later explore the use of Indonesian words relating to phrases using the word self or selves.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-49306240271050368302008-02-03T11:33:00.000+07:002008-02-03T11:38:14.797+07:00Pronouns (3)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">Let us now learn how personal pronouns act as possessive determiners and possessive pronouns in Indonesian language.</span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />C) Personal pronouns as possessive determiners and possessive pronouns</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />To make a personal pronoun possessive determiner, just place it after a noun(s). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">To make a personal pronoun possessive pronoun, just put the word <i>punya</i> before it. Literary, <i>punya</i> means own or have.<br />Let us see some examples below.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">my = <i>saya</i>/<i>aku</i> (<i>aku</i> is informal) </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">mine = punya + <i>saya</i>/<i>aku</i> (<i>aku</i> is informal) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">our = <i>kami</i> (used when excluding the person addressed)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ours = punya + <i>kami</i> (used when excluding the person addressed)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">our = <i>kita</i> (used when including the person addressed)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ours = punya + <i>kita</i> (used when including the person addressed)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">your (singular) = anda/saudara/kamu/kau (<span style="font-style: italic;">kamu </span>and <span style="font-style: italic;">kau </span>are informal)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">yours (singular)= punya + anda/saudara/kamu/kau (<span style="font-style: italic;">kamu </span>and <span style="font-style: italic;">kau </span>are informal)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">your (plural) = <span style="font-style: italic;">kalian </span>or anda/saudara/kamu/kau + <span style="font-style: italic;">sekalian </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">yours (plural) = punya + kalian or anda/saudara/kamu/kau + sekalian<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">his = <i>nya</i>/dia/beliau</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">his = punya + <i>nya</i>/dia/beliau<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">her = <i>nya</i>/dia/beliau </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">hers = punya + <i>nya</i>/dia/beliau </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">its = <i>nya</i> (as possessive determiner)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">their = mereka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">theirs = punya + mereka</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Mobil saya baru<span style=""> </span>My car is new</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Mobil itu punya saya<span style=""> </span>That car is mine</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Rumah kami ada di </span><st1:city><st1:place><span lang="EN-US">Jakarta</span></st1:place></st1:City><span lang="EN-US"> <span style=""> </span>Our house is in </span><st1:city><st1:place><span lang="EN-US">Jakarta</span></st1:place></st1:City><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Punya kami sudah habis<span style=""> </span>Ours has run out. (In this case, <i>ours</i> can be anything)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Anjing kita sangat pintar<span style=""> </span>Our dog is very clever.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Silakan ambil punya kita<span style=""> </span>Please take ours (In this case, <i>ours</i> can be anything)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Mereka suka tulisan anda<span style=""> </span>They like your writings<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Punya anda sangat menarik <span style=""> </span>Yours is very attractive </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">Pendapat<i> kalian</i> tidak masuk akal<span style=""> </span><i>Your</i> opinion is nonsense<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV">Pendapat <i>anda sekalian</i> tidak masuk akal<span style=""> </span><i>Your</i> opinion is nonsense<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Saya akan membeli punya anda<span style=""> </span> I will buy yours<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Saya akan membeli punya anda sekalian<span style=""> </span>I will buy yours<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Kantornya jauh dari sini<span style=""> </span>His/her office is far from here</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Punya beliau belum terjual<span style=""> </span>His/hers is not sold out yet</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Tas itu besar, warna<i>nya</i> hitam<span style=""> </span> The bag is big, <i>its colour</i> is black</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Kami punya nomor telepon mereka <span style=""> </span>We have their phone number</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Punya mereka ada di Amerika<span style=""> </span> Theirs is in the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-US">US</span></st1:place></st1:country-region></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br /> </o:p><br />Do you think it is too much? Do not worry, just learn and memorize them again and again. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Regards,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />Ika<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>IKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-78622367252792585352008-02-03T11:11:00.000+07:002008-02-03T11:18:15.416+07:00Pronouns (2)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Let me now continue our lesson with pronouns as the objects of verbs/actions.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">B) Personal pronoun as an object (after verb or preposition)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">me = <i>saya</i>/<i>aku</i> (<i>aku</i> is informal) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">us = <i>kami</i> (used when excluding the person addressed)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">us = <i>kita</i> (used when including the person addressed)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">you (singular) = anda/saudara/kamu/kau (<i style="">kamu</i> and <i style="">kau</i> are informal)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">you (plural) = kalian or anda/saudara/kamu/kau + <span style="font-style: italic;">sekalian </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">him = ia/dia/beliau<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">her = ia/dia/beliau <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">it = nya/ia/dia/ini/itu (in this case, nya/ia/dia/ini/itu is used depending on the context, see examples below)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">them = mereka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1) Beri saya alamat anda <span style=""> </span>Give me your address</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />2) Ia mengundang kami <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>He/She invited us</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />3) Mereka mengharapkan kita datang<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>They expect us to come</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />4) Saya menjemput anda di bandara<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>I picked you up at the airport</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 252pt; text-indent: -252pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 252pt; text-indent: -252pt;"><span lang="EN-US">5) Beliau mengusir kalian karena tidak sopan <span style=""> <br /></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 252pt; text-indent: -252pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span>He/She dismissed you (all) because you were impolite.<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />6) Saya mengagumi dia <span style=""> </span>I admire him/her</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />7) Kami mencarinya <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>We looked for it/him/her </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />8) Polisi mengejar mereka<span style=""> </span>The police chased them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />In example 7) we may also translate <i>We looked for it</i> into <i>Kami mencari (barang) ini/itu</i> (where <i>barang</i> may be omitted if the object is understood).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear readers, we have gone so far so that I wonder if the present lesson is too difficult. Before we go to next lessons, I suggest you analyze, discern, digest, and memorize the previous lessons first. It’s better to go slowly but you get them all. In addition, you can always return to the last lessons again and again. Therefore, do not forget to save the lessons in your computer for your references.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />Regards,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p><br />Ika<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>IKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-84297548465737923162008-01-31T15:54:00.000+07:002008-01-31T17:19:58.679+07:00Pronouns (1)I cannot imagine a conversation without a pronoun being addressed. If you talk to someone, you have to refer either to yourself, him/her, or to some others. The word that is used in place of a noun or a noun phrase is called a pronoun. Grammatically, pronouns are parts of sentences and we distinguish two types of pronouns, i.e. relative pronoun and personal pronoun.<br />Let us talk about personal pronoun first.<br /><br />A) Personal pronoun as a subject (before verb):<br /><br />I = <i>saya</i>/<i>aku</i> (aku is informal)<br />We = <i>kami</i> (is used when excluding the person addressed)<br />We = <i>kita</i> (is used when including the person addressed)<br />You (singular) = <i>anda/saudara/kamu/kau </i>(<i>kam</i><i>u</i> and <i>kau</i> are informal)<br />You (plural) = <i>kalian</i> or <i>anda/saudara/kamu/kau</i> <strong>+</strong> <strong>sekalian</strong><br />He = <i>Ia/dia/beliau</i><br />She = <i>Ia/dia/beliau</i><br />Mereka = <i>they</i><br /><br />You may notice that Indonesian does not distinguish between male and female third person, i.e. you may use <i>ia</i>, <i>dia</i>, or <i>beliau</i> for <i>he</i> or <i>she</i>. You may also notice that you have some choices in using personal pronouns. Which one you should use depends on the situation, which will be clear in the following examples.<br /><br />Kemarin <i>saya</i> pergi ke Jakarta<br />Yesterday, <i>I</i> went to Jakarta<br /><br /><i>Kami</i> mengundang anda<br /><i>We</i> invite you<br /><br /><i>Kita semua</i> suka membaca<br /><i>We all</i> like reading<br /><br /><i>Anda</i> bisa datang lagi besok<br /><i>You</i> may come back tomorrow<br /><br /><i>Kamu sekalian</i> dipecat!<br /><i>You</i> are <i>all</i> fired!<br /><br /><i>Dia</i> sangat mencintai istrinya<br /><i>He</i> loves his wife very much.<br /><br /><i>Dia</i> sangat mencintai suaminya<br /><i>She</i> loves her husband very much<br /><br /><i>Mereka</i> punya rumah besar di London<br /><i>They</i> have a big house in London<br /><br />That’s enough for the moment. We will continue with some explanations about personal pronouns in the next posting.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-83989363431715416072008-01-31T14:43:00.000+07:002008-01-31T14:45:49.857+07:00Some important phrasesSometimes, memorizing phrases may accelerate your process of learning a language. Let us learn some Indonesian phrases, and try memorizing them. For the moment, I will introduce you to simple phrases related to question words. You can get longer and more complex phrases, later.<br /><br />Here are some simple ones:<br /><br />Apa kabar? How are you?<br />Apa lagi? What else?<br />Tidak apa-apa! No problem!/ It’s OK!<br />Di mana-mana. Anywhere<br />Barangsiapa Whoever<br />Di mana saja Wherever<br />Kapan saja Whenever<br />Siapa saja Whoever<br />Apa boleh buat? What is to be done?<br />Ada apa? What’s up?/What’s going on?<br />Bagaimanapun However<br />Kapan-kapan Any time<br /><br />(Sometimes, the word <i>saja</i> is replaced by <i>pun</i>, so that “Di mana <i>saja</i>”, “Kapan <i>saja</i>”, and “Siapa <i>saja</i>” become “Di mana <i>pun</i>”, “Kapan <i>pun</i>”, and “Siapa <i>pun</i>”, respectively.)<br /> Please try analyzing, discerning, digesting and then memorizing them!<br />(Do you still find it difficult to pronounce the words in the above phrases? Then you should go to the previous posts).<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-42187655424629219952008-01-31T09:36:00.001+07:002008-01-31T09:50:46.964+07:00Interrogative WordsIn your daily life, you meet people, talk to and communicate with them. If you or they do not understand, you or they will ask them. So, question words, or interrogative words, will play very important role in your interactions with people.<br />For journalists, there are at least five question words starting with W and H they have to ask to measure the strength of their news: What, Who, When, Where, Why, and How. Other question words that also are important are Which, Whose, and Whom.<br />As far as the human communication concerns, question words will always be needed.<br /><br />The following are some interrogative words used by Indonesian to ask questions.<br /><br />Siapa (who)<br />Apa (what)<br />Mana (where)<br />Kapan (when)<br />Kenapa (why)<br />Bagaimana (How)<br />Berapa (How much/many)<br /><br />Sometimes, these question words have to be combined with other word/phrase to result in other question words, for example:<br />Yang + mana (Which one)<br /><i>Noun</i> + siapa (Whose)<br /><i>Preposition</i> + siapa (Whom)<br /><br />(Still find difficult to read these words? Please go back to the <a href="http://yourend.blogspot.com/2008/01/more-on-syllables.html#links">previous posts</a>.)<br /><br />Here are some examples of general sentences using questions words.<br /><br />1. Siapa nama anda <br /> <i>Who</i> is your name? (In English, you have to say <i>What</i> is your name?)<br />2. Apa artinya dalam bahasa Indonesia?<br /> What does this mean in Indonesian?<br />3. Mana rumahnya? <br /> Where is the house?<br />4. Kapan anda belajar bahasa Indonesia? <br /> When did you learn Indonesian language?<br />5. Kenapa anda berhenti belajarnya? <br /> Why did you stop studying it?<br />6. Bagaimana caranya? <br /> How does it work?<br />7. Berapa banyak mobilnya? <br /> How many cars has he got? (This can also mean <i>How many cars are there?</i>)<br />8. Berapa banyak anda perlu uang?<br /> How much money do you need?<br />9. Yang mana anda mau?<br /> Which one do you want?<br />10. Rumah siapa itu?<br /> Whose house is that?<br />11. Kepada siapa mereka bicara?<br /> Whom did they talk to? (Or <i>To whom did they talk?</i>)<br />12. Dengan siapa anda pergi ke kota?<br /> With whom did you go to the city?<br /><br />I have given you quite many new words by now. I hope you will enjoy the lesson, but if you have any comment or question, please do not hesitate to write to me.<br /><br />Regards,<br /><br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-39208629946739526632008-01-30T17:07:00.000+07:002008-01-30T17:09:55.380+07:00Why Indonesian Language?Are you still not interested in learning Indonesian language? You should change your mind. Remember, there are not less than 200 million Indonesian people in the world. What does it mean? It means many things! In terms of business, this may mean your big chance to offer you products or services. They are your potential targets and your profit will come true. If you are able to speak Indonesian about your business, this will leave an impression on your Indonesian marketing targets. Yes, of course, most Indonesian people who do international business understand English, too. But, imagine, how they will be more interested in your ads than others who do not speak or understand their language. I tell you, if you could just say some Indonesian phrases to them, like “<i>Selamat Pagi</i>”, “<i>Apa kabar?</i>”, “<i>Nama saya John</i>”, “<i>Saya senang ketemu anda</i>”, they will certainly welcome you. After that, you can follow this with your promotion scheme and you can count your profit since then.<br />Generally, Indonesian people are friendly and open. Once you introduced yourself, especially using some Indonesian phrases, then you will certainly get great audiences.<br />Further, by learning Indonesian language you will understand their cultures, their way of thinking, their human and natural resources, politics, economy, social aspects, just to name some. In short, learning Indonesian language means understanding so many aspects of human kind.<br />Furthermore, Indonesia is not only Bali. Borneo, Sumatera, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and not less than other 17 000 islands, lie in Indonesia territory. If you have ever been impressed by the beautiful Bali, then you would certainly be so by these islands.<br /><br />Attracted? Then, join me learning this prospective language. See me in the next post.<br /><br />Regards,<br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3557669946238611843.post-63313701653402835562008-01-30T08:53:00.000+07:002008-01-30T10:57:02.206+07:00More on SyllablesI would like to write more on sylables as they are very crucial to deal with when you learn how to read Indonesian words. As I said in the posting before, it is necessary to first separate the words into their syllables before you read.<br />The way you separate the words has to follow the general rule that I gave you in the posting <a href="http://yourend.blogspot.com/2008/01/syllables.html#links">before</a>. Once you have separated a word into syllables, then read each syllable one by one from left to right until you finish the word. Words may be separated into one (rare), two (very), three (often), four (less often), even five or six syllables (very rare). For example, the following words are separated into their syllables:<br /><br />Full word Separated (number of syllable) Meaning<br /><br />dan dan (1) and (conj.)<br />baru ba-ru (2) new (adj.)<br />praktis prak-tis (2) practical (adj.)<br />sangat sa-ngat (2) very (adv.)<br />belakang be-la-kang (3) back (adj.)<br />mengganggu meng-gang-gu (3) disturb(ing) (v, adj.)<br />menggunakan meng-gu-na-kan (4) use (v)<br />pengetahuan pe-nge-ta-hu-an (5) knowledge (n)<br />perkecualian per-ke-cu-a-li-an (6) exception (n)<br /><br />Generally, words that are separable into four or more syllables are those of derived words. In the above examples, <i>mengganggu</i>, <i>menggunakan</i>, <i>pengetahuan</i>, <i>perkecualian</i> are derived from root words <i>ganggu</i>, <i>guna</i>, <i>tahu</i>, <i>kecuali</i>, respectively. (More on derived words will be discussed later).<br /><br />Now, how to read the syllables above? The key to read a syllable is the vowel included within. The general vowels are <i>a</i> (sounds like <i>ah</i>), <i>i</i> (pronounced as in <i>bit</i>), <i>u</i> (pronounced as in <i>put</i>), <i>e</i> (pronounced mostly as in <i>open</i> or rarely as in <i>pet</i>), <i>o</i> (pronounced as in <i>often</i>). For example, <i>praktis</i> contains <i>a</i> and <i>i</i> in the first and second syllable, respectively. So, you have to read it prak-tis as you would say <i>practice</i>, except that the vowel <i>a</i> sounds like <i>a</i> in <i>father</i>.<br /><br />How do you find it, difficult? I am sure it will be easier later, once you have mastered it.<br /><br />To test your understanding so far, please try to separate and then read the following words:<br /><br />sah (valid)<br />syah (a sort of sultan, king, or ruler)<br />ons (ounce)<br />mekar (developed/ing)<br />sekarang (now)<br />kemarin (yesterday)<br />besok (tomorrow)<br />menunjuk (to point to)<br />menunjukkan (indicate)<br />diperkirakan (to be predicted)<br /><br />That's it! You have learned how to read Indonesian words.<br />How do you find this post? Beneficial, too hard to follow, or else? Please give your comments.<br /><br />Regards,<br />IkaIKAWULANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17503523941741466086noreply@blogger.com0